Market Forecast
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Southeast Asia’s Games Market
Southeast Asia represents one of the world’s fastest-growing video game markets, characterized by a young population, improving infrastructure, and a rapidly expanding digital economy. Data indicates that the six major countries in the region—Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam—account for approximately $5 billion in market size and 270 million gamers. While this represents 6% of total Asian games revenue, the region is projected to maintain a compound annual growth rate of 8.6% through 2025.
Esports serves as a primary driver for this growth, with over 200 million viewers and gamers in the region. Approximately 60% of Southeast Asian gamers are strongly drawn to esports, and 42% are classified as competitive arena gamers. This interest has led to the integration of esports into major regional athletic events like the SEA Games. Furthermore, the audience is becoming increasingly diverse; female gamers now make up 40% of the total gaming population, with growth rates in this demographic outpacing the general market average. In specific markets like Indonesia and Singapore, women comprise nearly half of the gaming audience.
The region has also emerged as a pioneer in blockchain and play-to-earn gaming, exemplified by the success of titles like Axie Infinity, which reached over one million daily active users. However, the market faces unique challenges, including parental skepticism, fluctuating government regulations regarding game approvals and bans, and complex cultural sensitivities. Successful expansion requires navigating diverse religious and social landscapes, as localized content can significantly boost revenue while cultural oversights can lead to public backlash or censorship. Ultimately, Southeast Asia offers significant opportunities for global stakeholders, provided they adopt localized strategies rather than a one-size-fits-all approach.
- The Southeast Asian games market across six major countries generates approximately $5 billion in revenue from 270 million gamers and is projected to grow at a compound annual rate of 8.6% through 2025.
- Esports is a primary market driver, with over 200 million viewers and 60% of the regional gaming population expressing a strong interest in competitive play.
- Female gamers represent 40% of the total gaming population, with growth in this demographic outpacing the general market and reaching nearly 50% in Indonesia and Singapore.
- The region has pioneered blockchain and play-to-earn gaming, evidenced by titles like Axie Infinity achieving over one million daily active users.
- Market expansion requires localized strategies to navigate complex religious and social landscapes, as cultural oversights frequently lead to censorship or public backlash.
Mobile Games on iOS: Winter Results and Forecasts for Spring 2022
This analysis examines the performance and distribution of iOS mobile applications during the winter of 2021–2022 while providing a strategic forecast for the spring 2022 season. The primary objective is to identify market trends by comparing pre-order data with actual release statistics. The scope is global, focusing specifically on the iOS App Store ecosystem across various categories and gaming genres. Data was sourced exclusively from the Apptica platform, utilizing its pre-orders section to gauge developer intent and market direction.
Findings indicate that while games were expected to dominate the winter release cycle at 81% of all upcoming apps, the actual market composition was more diversified. By the end of winter, games represented 11.3% of total new releases, followed closely by Lifestyle and Utilities at 10% each. Within the gaming sector, over 12,400 titles were launched. Although Simulation games were predicted to lead, Puzzle games emerged as the most frequent release, totaling approximately 2,200 titles and accounting for 17.1% of new games. Other significant genres included Action and Adventure, while Role-playing and Sports categories saw fewer releases than initially projected based on pre-order volume.
The forecast for spring 2022 suggests continued dominance for the gaming category, which accounts for 82.4% of apps currently in the pre-order phase. Simulation and Role-playing games are tied as the most anticipated genres, each representing 26.5% of upcoming titles. The analysis also notes a shift in non-gaming categories, with an increase in Productivity, Dating, and Medical apps, while Food and Drink applications have disappeared from the spring pre-order list. Key takeaways emphasize that Puzzle, Role-playing, and Simulation genres remain the primary drivers of the iOS market, maintaining steady growth and developer interest moving into the next quarter.
- Games accounted for 11.3% of all new iOS releases during the winter 2021–2022 period, significantly lower than the 81% share initially anticipated by pre-order data.
- Puzzle games were the most active gaming genre in winter 2021–2022, with approximately 2,200 new titles representing 17.1% of all game releases.
- Gaming is projected to dominate the spring 2022 release cycle, currently accounting for 82.4% of all apps in the pre-order phase.
- Simulation and Role-playing games are the most anticipated genres for spring 2022, each comprising 26.5% of upcoming titles.
- Over 12,400 new game titles were launched on the iOS App Store during the winter 2021–2022 season.
Newzoo Trend Report 2022: An Overview and Outlook of Virtual Reality
The global virtual reality market is undergoing a significant resurgence, transitioning from a niche hardware segment into a sustainable ecosystem. This evolution is primarily driven by the proliferation of affordable standalone 6DoF devices, such as the Meta Quest and Pico 4, which have lowered barriers to entry for mainstream consumers. While these standalone units may lack the raw performance of high-end PC VR setups, their accessibility has catalyzed rapid growth in the active install base. Data indicates that nearly 60% of VR gamers engage with their headsets at least once a week, signaling high retention and a shift toward consistent usage patterns.
Gaming remains the primary gateway for consumer adoption, bolstered by the emergence of high-quality "killer apps" and the popularity of adventure and shooter genres. The market is also seeing a shift toward hybrid monetization models, including downloadable content and subscriptions, alongside an increase in social and fitness-oriented virtual environments. Beyond entertainment, VR technology is becoming increasingly essential for industrial applications. Powerful 3D engines like Unreal and Unity are facilitating the expansion of immersive technology into healthcare simulations, remote architectural planning, and education.
The global active VR hardware install base is projected to reach 46 million units by the end of 2024, reflecting a compound annual growth rate of 42.0% since 2019. This sustained momentum is supported by continuous advancements in motion tracking and haptic feedback, as well as substantial investments from major software and hardware firms. As the technology matures, the integration of VR into both consumer lifestyles and professional workflows suggests a long-term trajectory toward widespread cross-industry utility.
- The global active VR hardware install base is projected to reach 46 million units by the end of 2024, representing a 42.0% compound annual growth rate since 2019.
- Market growth is primarily driven by the transition to affordable standalone 6DoF devices, such as the Meta Quest and Pico 4, which have significantly lowered barriers to mainstream entry.
- VR gaming shows strong user retention, with nearly 60% of gamers engaging with their headsets at least once a week.
- Gaming serves as the primary consumer gateway, with market monetization shifting toward hybrid models including subscriptions and downloadable content alongside social and fitness-oriented environments.
- Immersive technology is expanding beyond entertainment into industrial sectors like healthcare, architecture, and education, facilitated by 3D engines such as Unreal and Unity.
Mobile Market Forecast 2022‑2026
The forecast projects a decisive shift in the global mobile app economy between 2022 and 2026, positioning the United States as the pre‑eminent App Store market for both consumer spending and download volume, overtaking China for the first time. While the United States already leads Google Play revenue, India continues to register the highest adoption rates, and Brazil is expected to break into the top tier of markets by the mid‑term horizon. Growth is predicted to decelerate in 2022, reflecting macro‑economic headwinds, but a robust rebound is anticipated from 2023 onward, driven by renewed consumer confidence and expanding monetisation strategies across emerging regions.
The analysis draws on comprehensive data covering major geographic territories—including North America, Europe, East Asia, South Asia, and Latin America—and spans the full spectrum of mobile industry segments, from app store transactions and download activity to advertising spend and software‑development‑kit performance. By integrating these variables, the forecast delivers a granular view of revenue trajectories, market share dynamics, and user‑acquisition trends that inform strategic planning for developers, marketers, and investors.
Underlying the outlook is Sensor Tower’s suite of intelligence products—Store, App, Ad, Usage, and Benchmark Intelligence—designed to support organic growth, optimise paid acquisition, and evaluate SDK efficacy. The firm’s proprietary data and analytical tools underpin the projections, while usage policies restrict unauthorised redistribution of the findings. Contact channels for demonstrations, media, and sales are provided to facilitate deeper engagement with the platform’s capabilities.
- The United States is projected to overtake China as the global leader in both total consumer spending and download volume by 2026.
- Global mobile app market growth is expected to decelerate in 2022 due to macroeconomic headwinds before rebounding in 2023.
- The United States currently maintains the lead in Google Play revenue, while India holds the highest global adoption rates for mobile apps.
- Brazil is forecast to emerge as a top-tier market for mobile app activity by the 2026 mid-term horizon.
- Future market expansion will be driven by a combination of renewed consumer confidence and the implementation of new monetization strategies in emerging regions.
Brazil Games Industry Report 2022
Brazil has established itself as the preeminent games market in Latin America and the 12th largest globally, generating approximately USD 2.3 billion in 2021. The ecosystem is defined by rapid professionalization and internationalization, evidenced by a 102% increase in active studios since 2018. With over 1,000 companies and a workforce exceeding 12,000 professionals, the industry has transitioned from a historical period of informality to a sophisticated hub for original intellectual property and high-quality external development services. While the Southeast and South regions remain the primary geographic hubs, the sector’s reach is global, with over half of local companies serving international markets, particularly in the United States and Europe.
The industry demonstrates increasing maturity through longer studio lifespans and a shift toward diverse platforms. While mobile and PC development remain dominant, console production grew significantly to 17% of the market by 2021. Beyond entertainment, Brazilian studios maintain a strong presence in educational and corporate gamification. Despite this growth, structural challenges persist, including a lack of formal inclusion policies for underrepresented groups and a "wage war" for senior talent driven by the rise of remote work for foreign firms. Furthermore, the workforce is navigating a transition where 93% of companies now focus on proprietary IP, moving away from a pure service-provider model.
Economic and regulatory hurdles continue to shape the landscape. Federal funding has reached historic lows, forcing a reliance on founder capital and state-level initiatives. Developers face significant "legal insecurity" due to the absence of a specific regulatory category for games and a tax system that treats development hardware as luxury entertainment rather than capital goods. Nevertheless, the resilience of the sector is underscored by a 336% revenue increase in USD since 2015 and the emergence of "unicorns" like Wildlife. The industry remains a vital component of the global value chain, increasingly recognized for its technical proficiency in engines like Unity and its expanding role in emerging technologies such as blockchain and the metaverse.
- Brazil is the 12th largest games market globally and the leader in Latin America, generating approximately USD 2.3 billion in 2021.
- The industry has experienced rapid expansion, with a 102% increase in active studios since 2018 and a 336% revenue increase in USD since 2015.
- The sector is shifting toward original intellectual property, with 93% of companies now focusing on proprietary IP rather than a pure service-provider model.
- The ecosystem comprises over 1,000 companies and 12,000 professionals, with more than half of these businesses exporting services to international markets, primarily in the U.S. and Europe.
- Console production has grown to represent 17% of the market, diversifying a landscape previously dominated by mobile and PC development.
Global Games Market Report 2022
The global games market entered a corrective phase in 2022, with annual revenues projected to decline by 4.3% to $184.4 billion. This contraction follows a period of unsustainable pandemic-driven expansion and is further exacerbated by macroeconomic inflation, supply chain disruptions, and a sparse release schedule for major titles. Despite this short-term dip, the industry maintains a massive engagement base of 3.2 billion players and is expected to resume an upward trajectory, reaching an estimated $211.2 billion by 2025. While mature markets like North America and Asia-Pacific are experiencing revenue declines, emerging mobile-first regions such as Latin America and the Middle East & Africa continue to show positive growth.
The industry is currently undergoing a structural shift toward platform-agnostic ecosystems and hybrid monetization strategies. As traditional mobile advertising faces challenges from privacy policy changes like Apple’s IDFA, console and PC developers are increasingly adopting programmatic in-game advertising to monetize the hundreds of millions of players who do not make direct purchases. This shift is supported by major platform holders like Sony and Microsoft, who are integrating non-intrusive, blended advertisements to create recurring revenue streams. Furthermore, the rise of user-generated content, cloud gaming, and blockchain-based models is redefining how players interact with and derive value from digital environments.
Future market stability is increasingly tied to ecosystem-based analysis rather than hardware-specific metrics, reflecting a broader trend of cross-platform play and industry consolidation. Regulatory shifts in China have also prompted a strategic pivot toward global expansion in other emerging markets. As the industry evolves, success will likely depend on balancing diverse monetization models with authentic player experiences, while leveraging new technologies in virtual reality and cloud infrastructure to maintain long-term engagement across a diversifying global audience.
- The global games market is projected to decline 4.3% to $184.4 billion in 2022, marking a corrective phase after pandemic-driven expansion, before recovering to an estimated $211.2 billion by 2025.
- The industry maintains a massive global reach of 3.2 billion players, with growth shifting away from mature North American and Asia-Pacific markets toward mobile-first regions like Latin America and the Middle East & Africa.
- Developers are increasingly adopting programmatic, non-intrusive in-game advertising to monetize non-paying users, a strategy supported by platform holders like Sony and Microsoft to counter mobile privacy policy changes such as Apple’s IDFA.
- Market analysis is shifting from hardware-specific metrics to ecosystem-based models, driven by the rise of cross-platform play, industry consolidation, and the integration of cloud gaming and user-generated content.
- Regulatory changes in China are forcing developers to pivot their growth strategies toward global expansion in emerging markets.
FY2021 Presentation Material
CyberAgent achieved record-breaking financial performance in fiscal year 2021, characterized by consolidated sales of 666.4 billion yen and a more than threefold increase in operating profit to 104.3 billion yen. This surge was primarily catalyzed by the Game business, which experienced 68.6% year-over-year growth following the massive commercial success of Uma Musume Pretty Derby. While the Game segment provided the most significant profit contribution, the Internet Advertisement business maintained steady double-digit growth, and the Media segment narrowed its operating losses through the expansion of ABEMA and the WINTICKET betting platform.
The strategic focus for the period centered on leveraging high-performing assets to fund long-term growth initiatives. WINTICKET emerged as a critical driver within the Media segment, capturing 25% of the Keirin online betting market and tripling its transaction volume. Simultaneously, the company utilized profits from its established advertising and gaming pillars to invest in ABEMA’s digital transformation and content offerings, including pay-per-view services. This diversification strategy aims to stabilize the inherent volatility of the gaming industry, which led to the omission of specific earnings forecasts for the upcoming fiscal year.
Future growth is predicated on a robust pipeline of high-profile intellectual properties and strategic partnerships with industry leaders such as Nintendo, SEGA, and Bandai Namco. Upcoming releases, including titles based on the Final Fantasy VII and Jujutsu Kaisen franchises, are expected to sustain the momentum established in 2021. By aligning its corporate purpose with digital innovation and cross-media expansion, the organization seeks to transition from a gaming-heavy profit structure toward a more balanced ecosystem where media and advertising provide consistent, long-term value.
- CyberAgent achieved record-breaking FY2021 performance with 666.4 billion yen in consolidated sales and a 104.3 billion yen operating profit, representing a more than threefold increase.
- The Game business was the primary profit driver, recording 68.6% year-over-year growth fueled by the commercial success of Uma Musume Pretty Derby.
- WINTICKET captured 25% of the Keirin online betting market and tripled its transaction volume, significantly contributing to reduced operating losses in the Media segment.
- The Internet Advertisement business maintained steady double-digit growth, serving as a stable financial pillar alongside the high-volatility gaming segment.
- Management opted not to provide earnings forecasts for the upcoming fiscal year due to the inherent revenue volatility associated with the gaming industry.
Global Mobile Market Report 2021
The 2021 global mobile market analysis underscores a rapidly expanding ecosystem in which smartphone ubiquity, rising active‑device counts, and the early rollout of 5G networks are driving unprecedented growth in mobile gaming. By integrating socio‑economic indicators, device‑usage data from more than 400 million monthly active devices, and revenue tracking from major app‑store partners, the study projects that mobile‑game spending will climb from $90.7 billion in 2021 to $116.4 billion by 2024, reflecting an 11.2 % compound annual growth rate. Smartphone penetration reached 3.9 billion users in 2021, a 6 % year‑over‑year increase, while 5G‑ready devices are beginning to reshape gameplay experiences and monetisation models.
Regulatory shifts, notably Apple’s App‑Tracking Transparency and Google’s parallel privacy policies, together with the high‑profile Apple‑Epic litigation, are redefining user‑acquisition strategies and prompting developers to explore platform‑driven revenue streams such as in‑game advertising, subscriptions, and direct storefronts. Revenue distribution remains heavily skewed: the top 20 % of spenders—players who spend $25 or more per month—account for roughly 80 % of total income, favouring socially rich, competitive titles and showing greater openness to ads and subscription offers.
A consumer survey of 5,400 gamers aged 10‑50 across the United States, China, Germany, and Japan reveals modest regional variation in intellectual‑property preferences, suggesting that aligning established entertainment IPs—books, comics, movies, and TV series—with appropriate game genres can enhance engagement. Overall, the findings highlight a market poised for continued expansion, driven by technological adoption, evolving privacy landscapes, and a concentrated core of high‑value players.
- Mobile game spending is projected to grow from $90.7 billion in 2021 to $116.4 billion by 2024, representing an 11.2% compound annual growth rate.
- The top 20% of players, defined as those spending $25 or more per month, generate approximately 80% of total mobile gaming revenue.
- Smartphone penetration reached 3.9 billion users in 2021, marking a 6% year-over-year increase that continues to drive market expansion.
- Regulatory changes, including Apple’s App-Tracking Transparency and Google’s privacy policies, are forcing developers to pivot toward in-game advertising, subscriptions, and direct storefronts for user acquisition.
- The rollout of 5G-ready devices is actively reshaping mobile gameplay experiences and monetization models.
Global Cloud Gaming Report: The Infrastructure Edition 2021
This analysis provides a comprehensive overview of the cloud gaming sector in 2021, focusing on how network infrastructure and global economic conditions have accelerated industry adoption. The primary thesis asserts that while the COVID-19 pandemic provided an initial surge in engagement, the market is now transitioning toward sustainable growth driven by technological maturity, strategic business partnerships, and a global semiconductor shortage that has made cloud streaming a viable alternative to expensive, unavailable local hardware.
The scope of the research is global, with specific emphasis on ten subregions and thirty-three individual markets, including deep dives into China, North America, and Western Europe. Data was gathered through a proprietary model incorporating internet connection speeds, urbanization rates, and service availability, supplemented by a July 2021 survey of 6,788 gamers across China, Germany, Japan, and the United States. The methodology utilizes three forecasting scenarios—base, optimistic, and pessimistic—to account for the inherent volatility of a nascent technology market.
Key findings indicate that the global cloud gaming market reached $1.6 billion in revenues and 23.7 million paying users in 2021. Projections suggest significant expansion, with revenues expected to exceed $6.5 billion and paying users reaching 60.7 million by 2024. While North America and Europe currently account for 59% of consumer spending, emerging markets in Asia-Pacific, Latin America, and the Middle East are poised for rapid growth due to the rollout of 5G infrastructure and high consumer interest in regions where gaming hardware is prohibitively expensive.
The analysis concludes that the industry is moving toward a more frictionless user experience through edge computing and B2B partnerships between service providers and telecommunications companies. Despite the closure of some first-party studios, investment remains high among stakeholders like NVIDIA, Haima Cloud, and now.gg. Consumer sentiment remains positive, characterized by high satisfaction levels and low churn, though long-term success depends on overcoming hardware ownership preferences and continuing to improve global network stability.
- The global cloud gaming market reached $1.6 billion in revenue and 23.7 million paying users in 2021, with projections estimating growth to over $6.5 billion and 60.7 million users by 2024.
- North America and Europe currently dominate the sector, accounting for 59% of total consumer spending.
- The global semiconductor shortage has acted as a catalyst for cloud gaming adoption by positioning streaming services as a viable alternative to scarce and expensive local hardware.
- Rapid growth is expected in Asia-Pacific, Latin America, and the Middle East, driven by the rollout of 5G infrastructure and high demand in regions where local gaming hardware is cost-prohibitive.
- Industry stakeholders, including NVIDIA, Haima Cloud, and now.gg, are prioritizing edge computing and B2B partnerships with telecommunications companies to improve service stability and user experience.
2021-2025 Mobile Market Forecast
The global mobile application market is poised for substantial expansion, with consumer spending projected to reach $270 billion and annual downloads expected to hit 230 billion by 2025. While the rapid acceleration in adoption triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic is normalizing, the industry maintains a resilient growth trajectory. The App Store and Google Play continue to serve as the primary engines of this economy, sustaining strong compound annual growth rates of 21% and 17%, respectively.
A significant structural shift is underway as non-game applications increasingly drive revenue, with projections indicating that non-gaming spend will surpass gaming revenue on the App Store by 2024. This transition is fueled by the widespread adoption of subscription-based business and lifestyle models, reflecting a permanent change in consumer digital behavior. While mature markets like the United States and Germany show signs of slowing adoption, emerging regions such as India, Indonesia, and the Philippines are becoming critical drivers of volume. Simultaneously, Europe is emerging as a high-growth territory, boasting a 23% compound annual growth rate in consumer spending.
These findings underscore a maturing mobile ecosystem where strategic success depends on navigating the divergence between gaming and non-gaming sectors. As the market evolves, stakeholders must leverage data-driven intelligence to optimize competitive strategies and capitalize on the shifting preferences of a global user base. By focusing on high-growth geographic regions and the rising dominance of subscription-based utility apps, developers and marketers can effectively position themselves within the broader mobile economy through 2025.
- By 2025, global mobile consumer spending is projected to reach $270 billion, with annual downloads expected to hit 230 billion.
- Non-gaming applications are projected to surpass gaming revenue on the Apple App Store by 2024, driven by a shift toward subscription-based business models.
- The Apple App Store and Google Play continue to drive the market with compound annual growth rates of 21% and 17%, respectively.
- Europe is emerging as a high-growth territory with a 23% compound annual growth rate in consumer spending.
- While adoption is slowing in mature markets like the United States and Germany, India, Indonesia, and the Philippines are becoming the primary drivers of download volume.
Libro Blanco del Desarrollo Español de Videojuegos 2021
Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional Foto: Francesco Ungaro (Pexels) LIBRO BLANCO DEL DESARROLLO ESPAÑOL DE VIDEOJUEGOS 2021 1. Íntroduccion 6 2. Tribuna 8 3. Medidas para incentivar la economía de la industria española de desarrollo de videojuegos en 2022 10 4.
- The Spanish video game industry advocates for a tax incentive for video game production, similar to that for the audiovisual industry, to attract international projects and investment. This measure is common in other European countries like France, Italy, Belgium, and the UK.
- The primary funding sources for Spanish studios are their own resources (74%) and self-financing (71%). Funding from publishers increased from 18% to 28%, while bank financing decreased from 16% to 7%.
- Over half (52%) of the Spanish video game industry workforce is under 30 years old, with only 5% over 45. The majority of workers (43%) have 3-6 years of experience.
- 88% of Spanish studios develop their own intellectual properties. 54% self-publish, a decrease from the previous year, while 45% engage in development for third parties/outsourcing, and 22% develop serious games.
- Serious games are a significant niche, with 21% of published games falling into this category. They are primarily directed at the Education sector (85%), followed by Culture (37%) and Tourism (33%).
Mobile Market Forecast: 2021-2025
The global mobile application market is entering a period of sustained expansion, with total consumer spending projected to reach $270 billion and annual downloads expected to hit 230 billion by 2025. Although the rapid acceleration in activity triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic is normalizing, the industry maintains strong momentum across both the Apple App Store and Google Play. This growth is underpinned by a fundamental shift in revenue composition, as non-game applications increasingly capture market share. Projections indicate that non-game revenue will account for nearly half of total spending by 2025, with these applications expected to surpass gaming revenue on the App Store as early as 2024.
Geographically, the market landscape is evolving as mature regions and emerging economies follow distinct trajectories. While Asia continues to dominate global download volume, fueled largely by the massive scale of the Indian market, Europe is emerging as the primary engine for future revenue growth with a projected compound annual growth rate of 23 percent. Meanwhile, mature markets such as the United States are experiencing a deceleration in new app adoption, yet they continue to demonstrate significant increases in per-user spending. China, the United States, and India remain the most critical pillars of the global mobile economy.
These trends underscore a maturing ecosystem where developers and marketers must pivot toward high-value non-gaming sectors and capitalize on the rising monetization potential within European markets. As the industry moves toward 2025, the ability to leverage granular data on user demographics, advertising performance, and SDK adoption will be essential for navigating the shifting competitive landscape. The continued resilience of consumer spending, even as download growth stabilizes, confirms that the mobile economy remains a primary driver of global digital commerce.
- The global mobile application market is projected to reach $270 billion in consumer spending and 230 billion annual downloads by 2025.
- Non-game applications are rapidly gaining market share and are expected to account for nearly 50% of total spending by 2025.
- Non-game revenue is projected to surpass gaming revenue on the Apple App Store as early as 2024.
- Europe is positioned as the primary engine for future revenue growth, with a projected compound annual growth rate of 23%.
- While Asia leads in total download volume, the United States is seeing a deceleration in new app adoption alongside an increase in per-user spending.