Funding

The guide aims to equip Spanish video‑game developers and publishers with a practical framework for securing external financing beyond traditional bank credit. It argues that investment agreements (IAs) represent a flexible, hybrid model that can bridge the gap between shareholders’ equity and debt, allowing investors to fund projects while retaining political and economic rights comparable to shareholders without immediate capital‑increase obligations.

Key content outlines the typical structure of an IA: investors provide lump‑sum or milestone‑linked capital, receive a defined share of commercial revenues, and obtain voting, dividend and information rights. Comparative analysis shows that, unlike standard debt, IAs do not impose fixed repayment schedules, instead tying returns to project profitability and offering conversion mechanisms that can transform credit into equity if revenues fall short. The guide enumerates standard clauses—profitability timeframes, capitalisation rights, representations and warranties, confidentiality, “bad‑leaver” provisions, and pre‑emptive rights—to protect both parties and manage risk. An illustrative example notes that a €100 investment with a 20 % return target is achieved once the project generates €120 in revenue.

The scope is national, targeting the Spanish video‑game sector and addressing developers of any size who seek alternative funding. Authored by legal counsel from Pérez‑Llorca and the Asociación Española de Videojuegos, the document draws on industry practice rather than empirical surveys, presenting a checklist and glossary to support contract drafting and due‑diligence processes. Its conclusion stresses that, as acquisitions and external investments rise, IA investors will increasingly influence project governance despite not holding formal share capital.

• 2024 market size: $188bn (+2.1% YoY) Total gamers in 2024 by region (millions): • Public markets: leading public gaming ETFs up 22- • 36% YTD (vs S&P 500 = 21%) Middle East & Africa Venture funding in Q3‘ 24: $517m across 92 deals 559 (funding +1% QoQ, number of deals -14% QoQ) (16%) • Epic sidesteps Apple in the EU, sues Google Europe (454 3,422m • Discord launches Activities ...

The snapshot evaluates financing conditions for game projects and development studios as of mid‑2024, highlighting a persistently constrained capital environment while noting modest signs of warming in project funding. Publishers remain risk‑averse after pandemic‑driven over‑expansion, with many having reduced staff, divested assets, and facing cash‑flow pressures compounded by high interest rates and the absence of large platform backers. Consequently, they prioritize core franchises, proven IP and work‑for‑hire arrangements, demanding projects that are further along in development, feature polished vertical slices, and fall within a budget sweet spot of roughly $500 k to $3 million, though an emerging demand for sub‑$500 k titles is evident. The upcoming Gamescom event is expected to catalyze deal flow for releases slated for 2025 and beyond.

Studio financing remains low with no change in outlook, reflecting cautious growth after a volatile Q1 2024 period in which total investment value and volume rose, M&A value increased while deal count fell, and median developer investment grew quarter‑over‑quarter. New capital raises saw a decline in total value but an increase in deal count, underscoring a shift toward smaller, more frequent funding rounds. Investors continue to focus on early‑stage (pre‑seed, Series A) and later‑stage (Series C) opportunities, while Series B financing proves scarce as capital gravitates toward either nascent start‑ups or already successful entities.

Geographically, funders exhibit a preference for European‑based studios over North American counterparts, and platform trends show mobile projects facing heightened difficulty, whereas PC and console titles dominate, especially those built around games‑as‑a‑service, multiplayer, and user‑generated content models. Overall, the financing landscape is characterized by conservative publisher behavior, modest but steady studio investment, and a strategic emphasis on later‑stage, lower‑risk projects as the industry settles post‑pandemic.

The gaming venture capital landscape in the first quarter of 2024 reflects a market reaching a steady state, characterized by a shift away from speculative Web3 and metaverse investments toward more sustainable development and content-focused funding. Global venture activity during this period totaled $1.3 billion across 153 deals. While deal count remained largely flat compared to the previous quarter, total deal value increased by 22.1% quarter-over-quarter. Despite a 17.3% year-over-year decline in deal volume, the market is currently on track to exceed 2023’s aggregate funding levels, suggesting a stabilization of capital deployment within a more realistic valuation environment.

Development-focused companies, particularly those specializing in blockchain infrastructure and developer tools, captured significant attention in early 2024, momentarily outpacing content-focused investments. However, the broader industry remains highly competitive, with PC and console gameplay increasingly concentrated in established "forever titles." New content faces a challenging landscape, as only a small fraction of total playtime is dedicated to non-annual franchise releases. Investors are increasingly prioritizing high-quality content and scalable infrastructure, creating a more selective, investor-friendly environment.

The report also highlights the growing importance of in-game advertising as a critical monetization strategy. With major industry players and brands integrating programmatic ad solutions, the sector is seeing increased utility for both developers and advertisers. Companies like Anzu exemplify this trend, leveraging technology to bridge the gap between brand reach and measurable return on investment. As the industry moves past the hype-driven cycles of the pandemic, the focus has shifted toward long-term operational efficiency and proven monetization models, with exit activity expected to improve as market conditions stabilize.

The gaming industry is currently navigating a period of strategic stabilization defined by cautious capital deployment and a pivot toward long-term profitability. High interest rates and broader macroeconomic pressures have dampened late-stage financing and public listing activity, leading investors to prioritize capital efficiency over aggressive expansion. Despite these headwinds, the ecosystem remains supported by a robust foundation of over $15 billion in dry powder held across more than 65 gaming-focused funds, which continues to fuel a healthy pipeline of early-stage seed investments.

Market performance is increasingly bifurcated across platforms. The PC and console sectors demonstrate notable resilience, bolstered by the consistent success of independent studios and sustained engagement on digital storefronts like Steam. In contrast, the mobile gaming market is undergoing a necessary contraction following post-pandemic volatility and the persistent impact of privacy-related advertising headwinds. While mobile startups currently face significant barriers to entry and a decline in late-stage venture interest, the sector is expected to initiate a gradual recovery by 2025 as business models adjust to the new regulatory and acquisition landscape.

Looking ahead, the industry is transitioning away from the speculative growth patterns of previous years toward a more disciplined investment environment. Syndicate-based funding has emerged as a primary mechanism for risk mitigation, reflecting a broader trend of collaborative investment. As the market stabilizes, expectations are shifting toward an uptick in midcap merger and acquisition activity throughout the remainder of the year. This evolution underscores a fundamental industry-wide commitment to sustainable growth, with investors increasingly favoring established platforms and proven development teams over high-risk, late-stage ventures.

The third quarter of 2024 marks a period of stabilization for the global gaming industry, signaling a transition from post-pandemic volatility toward a new, normalized market environment. The industry has moved past the extreme fluctuations of the COVID-19 era, with capital deployment for private investments settling at approximately $1 billion across 120 rounds. While public markets remain under pressure, the quarter saw the first initial public offering in two years, suggesting a cautious but potential thaw in public listing activity.

Key findings reveal a strategic shift in investor focus, as capital increasingly flows toward platform and technology sectors rather than traditional gaming content. This trend is evidenced by a sharp uptick in private investments for infrastructure, payment, and development tools. Within the gaming segment, early-stage venture capital remains consistent, while late-stage fundraising continues to face significant headwinds. Corporate venture capital has emerged as a vital component of the ecosystem, frequently co-investing with traditional venture firms to support studios and tech providers.

Geographically, North America and Western Europe remain the primary hubs for investment activity, though the mobile market continues to rely heavily on Asian developers for new top-performing releases. Steam sales data reflects a divergence in performance, with AA and indie publishers driving a 35% year-over-year growth in gross revenue, while AAA titles have experienced stagnation.

The analysis relies on tracking closed transactions within the video game industry, excluding pure gambling, betting, and non-gaming blockchain entities. By monitoring deal types—including control and minority mergers and acquisitions, venture capital rounds, and public offerings—the data provides a comprehensive view of capital flows. The findings emphasize that while the gaming sector faces ongoing challenges in late-stage funding, the broader ecosystem is finding stability through diversified investment in gaming-adjacent technologies and a resilient indie development scene.

The global gaming industry reached a market valuation of $184 billion in 2023, representing a modest year-over-year growth of 0.6%. Despite this stability, the sector experienced a significant contraction in investment activity, with venture funding falling 33% quarter-over-quarter in Q4 to $308 million. This decline reflects a broader normalization of capital flows to pre-pandemic levels, as the industry shifts away from the high-growth, speculative environment of 2021 and 2022.

Key industry trends in late 2023 were defined by regulatory and operational restructuring. A landmark legal verdict against Google established that its app store practices constituted an illegal monopoly, forcing potential shifts in how developers distribute content and process payments. Simultaneously, major players like ByteDance began retreating from gaming divisions, while the industry at large grappled with approximately 10,500 layoffs. These workforce reductions were driven by a heightened focus on operational efficiency, the prioritization of high-retention projects, and the consolidation of assets following major mergers and acquisitions.

Geographically, North America remains the primary hub for venture capital, though the industry maintains a global footprint with significant activity in Asia and Europe. While venture funding and M&A deal volumes have stabilized, public gaming stocks demonstrated resilience, with leading exchange-traded funds outperforming broader market indices by year-end. Looking forward, the industry is projected to maintain a compound annual growth rate of 3.5% through 2029, supported by the continued integration of user-generated content platforms and advancements in developer tools that emphasize productivity and cost-effective scaling.

The emergence of startups founded by former Riot Games employees represents a significant sub-sector of the venture capital landscape in gaming. Since 2020, investors have funneled nearly $500 million into 27 startups led by these alumni across 38 funding rounds. These founders command a substantial premium in the market, with an average round size of $11 million, which is 53% higher than the $7 million average seen across the broader gaming startup ecosystem.

The investment data reveals a high level of confidence from specialized venture capital firms, with Andreessen Horowitz (a16z Games) and Bitkraft Ventures leading the activity. These firms have participated in deals valued at $339.3 million and $236.3 million respectively. Furthermore, ex-Riot teams demonstrate superior fundraising momentum compared to the general market. A significantly higher percentage of these studios successfully secure follow-on financing within two to three years of their initial rounds, whereas the broader gaming market sees a much sharper decline in subsequent funding success over the same period.

While capital infusion is high, the majority of these ventures are currently in the pre-release phase. Out of 27 identified startups, only six have released products to date. The most well-funded projects include Theorycraft’s Supervoke, Believer’s unannounced AAA title, and Singularity 6’s Palia. The scope of these projects primarily focuses on high-ambition genres such as multiplayer RPGs, extraction MOBAs, and backend infrastructure. This trend underscores a strategic focus on complex, scalable platforms that mirror the live-service expertise associated with the founders' professional origins.

The Australian game development industry demonstrated resilience and stability during the 2024 financial year despite significant global economic headwinds. Total income generated by local studios reached $339.1 million, representing a minor 1.9% decrease from the previous year. Employment remained steady with 2,465 full-time equivalent workers, a marginal 0.3% increase. The sector is heavily export-oriented, with 93% of all revenue generated from outside Australia. Furthermore, 85% of studios focus on developing their own original intellectual property rather than work-for-hire projects.

The industry landscape is characterized by a mix of emerging and established entities. While 56% of studios were formed within the last five years, a quarter of the sector consists of mature studios operating for a decade or more. Small businesses dominate the ecosystem, with 47% of studios employing five or fewer staff members. Geographically, Victoria serves as the primary hub, hosting 52% of head offices and 36% of the national workforce, followed by Queensland and New South Wales.

Government support remains a critical pillar for the industry. The Digital Games Tax Offset, which passed in mid-2023, is already being utilized by 25% of respondents to fund new projects or expand existing ones. Despite this support, developers identified securing international and local publishing deals and attracting early-stage development funding as their primary challenges.

The findings are based on a voluntary survey of 137 Australian game development studios conducted by Bond University on behalf of the Interactive Games & Entertainment Association. The data covers the period from July 1, 2023, to June 30, 2024. Looking ahead, the sector maintains a cautiously optimistic outlook, with 81% of studios predicting stable or increased revenue and 61% planning to hire new staff in the coming year.

PCF Group S.A. experienced significant organizational growth and structural expansion during the first nine months of 2023. The workforce reached a total of 722 employees by September 30, 2023, continuing a steady upward trajectory from 612 in 2022 and 495 in 2021. This growth is distributed across a global network of studios, with a primary concentration in Europe, where the headcount rose to 473, and a substantial presence in North America, accounting for 249 staff members. The internal composition of the team remains heavily weighted toward production, consisting primarily of developers and quality assurance professionals, supported by back-office staff and specialized units such as GameOn and Incuvo.

The geographic footprint of the group spans multiple key hubs, including Warsaw, Rzeszów, Katowice, Kraków, and Łódź in Poland, alongside international locations in Newcastle, Dublin, Montreal, and New York. This infrastructure supports a diversified operational model that includes both core development studios and a dedicated publishing division. The expansion reflects a strategic commitment to scaling production capabilities across various territories to support ongoing development projects.

Financial positioning for the period is characterized by a balance sheet that emphasizes long-term value creation through development work in progress and intangible assets. Key financial components include significant investments in development projects, tangible fixed assets, and right-of-use assets, balanced against equity and liquid holdings in cash and bonds. While specific revenue figures for the nine-month period are integrated into broader reporting, the data highlights a period of intensive investment in human capital and project pipelines intended to drive future growth within the competitive global gaming market.

This financial analysis details the performance of PCF Group (People Can Fly) for the first half of 2023, a period characterized by strategic expansion and significant capital raising despite a year-over-year decline in profitability. The group reported revenues of 68.7 million PLN for 1H23, down from 90.6 million PLN in 1H22. This decrease, alongside a drop in adjusted EBITDA from 29.7 million PLN to 4.0 million PLN and a net loss of 13.1 million PLN, is attributed to a high comparative base in 2022 following the termination of the Take-Two Interactive contract and the release of Green Hell VR. Current results were also impacted by increased operational scale, with the workforce growing 16% to 674 employees.

The group’s portfolio remains robust, featuring eight projects across various stages of development. Key highlights include two work-for-hire projects for Microsoft (Maverick and Gemini) and three self-published titles (Dagger, Bifrost, and Victoria) slated for 2025-2026. Project Maverick is expected to contribute significantly to financial results starting in the third quarter of 2023. Additionally, the group is expanding into the VR market with Bulletstorm VR, scheduled for release in December 2023.

A pivotal development in 1H23 was the successful completion of a secondary public offering (SPO), raising 235.3 million PLN to fund the group’s updated strategy. This process brought Krafton Inc. on as a strategic investor with a 10% stake following a 144.5 million PLN investment. The agreement grants Krafton specific rights, including right of first refusal for publishing certain upcoming titles. Geographically, the group maintains a strong international presence with studios across Europe and North America, positioning itself for long-term growth through a mix of work-for-hire and self-publishing models.

The invitation seeks to generate business opportunities for Japanese video‑game, animation and related audiovisual firms by showcasing the Canary Islands as a strategic production hub. It positions the archipelago as an emerging, tax‑friendly environment, highlighting preferential rates for game development, film and animation, as well as a reduced corporate tax rate, alongside high‑quality infrastructure, skilled talent pools, and strong public support. The core thesis is that direct exposure to local studios, financing mechanisms and regulatory incentives will encourage Japanese companies to establish subsidiaries, pursue co‑production agreements, or outsource projects to Canary Island partners.

The mission is scheduled for 9 – 15 October, with participants traveling from Japan to Tenerife on 9 October and returning after the final day on 15 October. The itinerary includes briefings on the regional industry and tax regime, visits to multiple development studios such as Drakhar, Foxter, The Game Kitchen, Promineo and No Brake Games, a tour of a super‑computer facility, and attendance at the Canarias Game Show on Gran Canaria, featuring B2B matchmaking, conference sessions and networking dinners. All travel costs—including economy‑class round‑trip airfare, hotel accommodation, meals and intra‑island transport—are covered by the organizers, with additional support offered for group participation.

Target participants are Japanese firms contemplating legal entity formation in the Canary Islands, joint‑development projects, or outsourcing production to local studios. The program is coordinated by the Spanish Embassy’s Economic and Commercial Section in Tokyo and the Canary Islands government agency Proexca, which also serves on the regional game office. While the embassy assists with logistics, detailed tax‑incentive information is to be obtained from the Canary Islands authorities and specialist advisors. The initiative aims to deepen Japan‑Spain investment ties within the audiovisual sector by converting the exploratory visit into concrete commercial collaborations.