Market (Overall)·Updated Mar 17, 2026 by CMC Research
Report · October 1, 2022
Published by CMC Research
The blockchain gaming industry underwent a significant market correction in late 2022, signaling a transition from speculative "Play-to-Earn" (P2E) models toward more sustainable, gameplay-focused ecosystems. While unique active wallets stabilized at approximately one million, NFT transaction volumes fell 30% to $500 million, and major project market capitalizations plummeted by over 90%. Despite a 19% year-over-year decline in total deal value to $875 million in the third quarter, the sector saw a 2.6x increase in the number of funding deals. This shift indicates a move away from infrastructure-heavy "picks and shovels" investments toward seed-stage funding for game studios and user-friendly wallet solutions. The collapse of unsustainable economic designs has catalyzed a pivot toward "Free-to-Own" (F2O) and "Play-and-Own" (P&O) models. These frameworks prioritize fun-first gameplay and lower entry barriers by offering free initial digital assets, moving away from the yield-focused mechanics that previously dominated the space. This evolution is supported by a significant talent migration from traditional AAA and mobile gaming companies, which is professionalizing development and introducing more sophisticated tokenomics. Furthermore, the industry is expanding its reach through casual genres and the integration of established intellectual properties from major Asian studios like Square Enix and SEGA. Mass adoption efforts are increasingly focused on distribution and technical scalability. Notable milestones include the launch of blockchain titles on mainstream platforms like the Epic Games Store and the clarification of NFT guidelines within the Apple App Store. However, the industry faces ongoing challenges, including a crisis in the gaming guild model and intensifying regulatory scrutiny. As the SEC investigates major entities regarding the classification of digital assets as securities, developers are balancing innovation in on-chain mechanics and AI-driven content with the need for compliance in an increasingly complex global legal landscape.
Table of Contents Executive Summary #1: The Road to Mass Adoption Unique Active Wallets NFT Transaction Volumes Number of Blockchain Games #2: The Fall of P2E Gaming and Market Speculation Splinterlands’ Quest for Growth Sorare’s Sustainable Economy Dark Forest and Innovation in Blockchain Games #3: A Radically Different Funding Environment Blockchain Gaming Funding in Q3 2021 A Brief Note on Guilds #4: New Frontiers and the Path Forward Wallets as a Key Infrastructure Unlock The A-League Enables Distribution The Talent Migration has Begun From Play-2-Earn to Free-2-Own Regulation is Coming, Fast Appendix 02 04 04 07 10 11 16 17 20 23 23 25 32 32 37 40 42 49 52
CoinMarketCap Research is CoinMarketCap's newly-formed research arm. It aims to leverage our data analysis and bring unique insights into the crypto market. We look to collaborate with other industry-leading voices and create a platform for people to learn and share their passion for crypto. Naavik is a research, consulting and advisory firm with a mission to enable games industry professionals to master the business of gaming. Since our founding in 2019, we’ve helped 200+ companies across the gaming industry through a variety of products and services. Whether it’s market research, strategy, game economy and design assistance, tokenomics expertise, user acquisition support, M&A due diligence, or even long-term advisory relationships, we’re here to help everyone reach their desired destinations of success. Reach out. Outline About The Road to Mass Adoption: A quick review on where blockchain gaming is on the road to mass adoption + commentary on blockchain gaming’s key macro metrics (UAWs, NFT transaction volumes, and number of blockchain games ). The Fall of P2E Gaming and Market Speculation: Analyzing the current state of the P2E market after Axie Infinity’s fall and land assets’ devaluation too, and highlighting how projects are building today. A Radically Different Funding Environment: Analyzing key funding trends for the space, and how the pace of deal activity has not only slowed down, but also both teams and VCs are getting smarter + our take on the future of guilds. New Frontiers and the Path Forward: Going over the most significant trends that are forging the space’s future, such as wallet infrastructure, game distribution mechanisms, industry-wide talent migration, the evolution of product thinking from P2E to F2O, other key product trends and regulation. The funding deals data in the following report was collected in collaboration with InvestGame. naavik.co 01 coinmarketcap.com CoinMarketCap Research is CoinMarketCap's newly-formed research arm. It aims to leverage our data analysis and bring unique insights into the crypto market. We look to collaborate with other industry-leading voices and create a platform for people to learn and share their passion for crypto. Naavik is a research, consulting and advisory firm with a mission to enable games industry professionals to master the business of gaming. Since our founding in 2019, we’ve helped 200+ companies across the gaming industry through a variety of products and services. Whether it’s market research, strategy, game economy and design assistance, tokenomics expertise, user acquisition support, M&A due diligence, or even long-term advisory relationships, we’re here to help everyone reach their desired destinations of success.
rough a variety of products and services. Whether it’s market research, strategy, game economy and design assistance, tokenomics expertise, user acquisition support, M&A due diligence, or even long-term advisory relationships, we’re here to help everyone reach their desired destinations of success. Reach out. Outline About The Road to Mass Adoption: A quick review on where blockchain gaming is on the road to mass adoption + commentary on blockchain gaming’s key macro metrics (UAWs, NFT transaction volumes, and number of blockchain games ). The Fall of P2E Gaming and Market Speculation: Analyzing the current state of the P2E market after Axie Infinity’s fall and land assets’ devaluation too, and highlighting how projects are building today. A Radically Different Funding Environment: Analyzing key funding trends for the space, and how the pace of deal activity has not only slowed down, but also both teams and VCs are getting smarter + our take on the future of guilds. New Frontiers and the Path Forward: Going over the most significant trends that are forging the space’s future, such as wallet infrastructure, game distribution mechanisms, industry-wide talent migration, the evolution of product thinking from P2E to F2O, other key product trends and regulation. The funding deals data in the following report was collected in collaboration with InvestGame.https://investgame.net/ https://investgame.net/ https://naavik.co/contact-us https://naavik.co/contact-us https://naavik.co/contact-us https://naavik.co/contact-us
naavik.co 02 coinmarketcap.com Even though blockchain gaming continues its struggle out of the broader crypto bear market, Q3 2022 was a quarter filled with much game building, market movement, funding corrections, and learnings. This report looks at how blockchain gaming fared over Q3 2022, key trends that emerged, and where the future of the space is headed. The market has generally been stagnant from a pricing perspective, and the old guard of games is waning. At the same time, there were sprinkles of small wins and a lot of steady anticipation for the future of the space. Blockchain gaming still has a long way to go for mass adoption. This is seen in stagnating Unique Active Wallets (UAWs, ~1M), NFT transaction volumes (~$500M), and the number of blockchain games (~2,000). In terms of blockchain market share (based on secondary market NFT sales), Ethereum still holds the vast majority (~60%). But that is not stopping L1s and L2s (Solana, Polygon, Immutable – some of which are built on top of Ethereum) from actively competing and striving to be the #1 choice for blockchain game developers to build on. There’s a strong bifurcation in blockchain gaming right now. Play-to-earn (P2E) gaming has fallen with all once-major projects losing upwards of 90% of their market capitalization over the course of 2022. There is also a similar downtrend across other speculative game-related assets – most notably virtual land NFTs belonging to games that are yet to launch. However, the next era of fun games that are far less focused on earning are steadily being built by many talented teams around the world. Blockchain gaming is moving towards its third era of games: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. a. b. c. The first era of blockchain gaming primitives was defined by CryptoKitties, which showcased what NFTs and “player” ownership could mean, but it was fundamentally held back by the Ethereum network’s complete lack of scalability. The second era was defined by Axie Infinity, which built a real game and used scalability solu- tions, but its fatal flaw was economic design — incentivizing unsustainable earning over fun. The third era of crypto games will build off of the previous two eras — using various scalability solutions and sidestepping the largest economic flaws while prioritizing fun. Here is the executive summary: Executive Summary
naavik.co 03 coinmarketcap.com 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. Q3 2022’s funding environment looks radically different. This is the first quarter in which blockchain gaming has seen negative YoY growth metrics. While the Q3 2022 total deal number was up 2.6x YoY (58 vs. 22), the total deal value was down -19% YoY ($875M vs. $1.1B). The QoQ growth metrics were also down, indicating the continuation of the 2022 market correction that we began to see at the start of 2022. The buzzword for almost every guild currently is ‘pivot’. To prevent most guilds from going under, we believe that guilds will need to adapt from their first generation business model (seeking yield from renting out in-game assets) to focus on one or more of 5 key areas to move towards Guild 2.0 – Community, Investment Management, Technology Products, Value-Add Services and Content. Overall, it seems like the blockchain gaming deal market continues to mature into its next stage, wherein the companies garnering most of the funding attention are no longer the ones building infrastructure, but rather the blockchain gaming studios that can produce engaging content that makes use of blockchain gaming infrastructure. Of all the infrastructure solutions out there, the one that will truly unlock mass adoption of block- chain gaming (besides the blockchains themselves and perhaps marketplaces) will be one that is closest to the players and likely the most cared about: wallets. Sequence by Horizon and Stardust Vault by Stardust will be two to keep an eye on. Major platforms are slowly warming up to the idea of distributing blockchain games, or at least finding ways to take a cut. Epic Games Store hosting Blankos Block Party and Apple allowing the sale of NFTs (albeit in a limited fashion) is the start of a movement that will increase the presence of NFTs and web3 with more consumers. Enabling the mass distribution of blockchain games is very much an important catalyst for mass adoption. The migration of traditional game developer talent to build the blockchain games of tomorrow has begun. While this migration will be slow and steady (and may upset certain traditional gamers), the curiosity about blockchain gaming and the need to skill up for a potential future of gaming are both high. The impact of this talent migration should result in games that are not only more fun to play, but also are built on the back of traditional gaming best practices (accelerating the quest for economic sustainability). Best practices that define the future of blockchain gaming are very much in the making with Free-to-Own (F2O) being the fourth evolution after Play-to-Earn (P2E), Play-and-Earn (P&E), and Play-and-Own (P&O). The killer feature of F2O is the simple fact that it dramatically lowers barriers to entry by offering NFTs for free and not gating game access with sometimes absorbently high NFT (of multiple NFTs) purchase prices. This could be an important catalyst for accelerating mass market adoption.
naavik.co 04 coinmarketcap.com 14. 15. Other important product trends include on-chain gaming, F2P blockchain gaming, evolving toke- nomics models, genre and audience expansion across web3 games, the Asian blockchain gaming scene, user-generated content (UGC) and artificial intelligence (AI) in blockchain games. While 2020 and 2021 were truly the wild west years in terms of what developers and players could get away with, these years were also fraught by major value destruction hacks and scandals that cannot be turned a blind eye to. Regulation was always coming, but regulatory bodies have clearly started to take notice in 2022, with the SEC’s investigation into Yuga Labs becoming a figurehead. Source: Dapp Review To understand where we are today on the road to mass adoption of blockchain gaming, let’s start by looking at how Q3 2022 fared. At a very high level, there has been significant funding, building, and learning from prior mistakes. And while the broader space has been in a slump – and many traditional gamers remain skeptical – there is currently a waiting game for the next wave of new releases to take the market to the next level. The months from July through September were pretty similar in their behavior. In short, the market has generally been stagnant from a pricing perspective, and the old guard of blockchain games is waning. At the same time, there were sprinkles of small wins and steady anticipation for the future of the space. #1: The Road to Mass Adoption https://dapp.review/article/184/Games-Will-Be-the-Catalyst-for-Blockchain-Mass-Adoption https://dapp.review/article/184/Games-Will-Be-the-Catalyst-for-Blockchain-Mass-Adoption https://dapp.review/article/184/Games-Will-Be-the-Catalyst-for-Blockchain-Mass-Adoption https://dapp.review/article/184/Games-Will-Be-the-Catalyst-for-Blockchain-Mass-Adoption https://dapp.review/article/184/Games-Will-Be-the-Catalyst-for-Blockchain-Mass-Adoption https://dapp.review/article/184/Games-Will-Be-the-Catalyst-for-Blockchain-Mass-Adoption https://dapp.review/article/184/Games-Will-Be-the-Catalyst-for-Blockchain-Mass-Adoption https://dapp.review/article/184/Games-Will-Be-the-Catalyst-for-Blockchain-Mass-Adoption
The blockchain gaming industry experienced a transformative period of expansion in 2021, driven primarily by the emergence of play-to-earn mechanics and the implementation of true digital asset ownership. Industry professionals identify these features as the most significant catalysts for growth, with a vast majority anticipating that traditional gaming entities will integrate blockchain technology within the next two years. This momentum is further evidenced by approximately $4 billion in capital inflows from venture firms and decentralized autonomous organizations, signaling strong institutional confidence in the sector’s long-term viability. Despite this rapid financial and technological acceleration, the industry faces substantial structural headwinds. Regulatory uncertainty remains the most pressing concern for over half of the organizations operating in the space, followed closely by a general lack of public understanding regarding core blockchain concepts. Additionally, the sector must navigate technical challenges related to user-friendliness and a shortage of specialized engineering talent. While environmental sustainability has been a point of external criticism, the industry is actively transitioning toward carbon-neutral protocols and Proof of Stake networks to mitigate its ecological footprint. The ecosystem is characterized by a diverse and collaborative landscape that spans game studios, major traditional publishers like Ubisoft, and specialized firms in decentralized finance, legal, and infrastructure. While financial incentives have been the primary driver of initial adoption, long-term sustainability is widely believed to depend on the development of high-quality gameplay that can compete with traditional titles. This cross-sector synergy suggests that the future of the industry relies on balancing innovative monetization models with the fundamental entertainment value required for mainstream appeal.
The blockchain gaming sector is entering a phase of maturation characterized by a strategic pivot from speculative financial models toward high-quality, "fun-first" development. Player asset ownership remains the industry’s primary value proposition, cited by over 71% of professionals for four consecutive years. This shift is bolstered by the entry of traditional gaming giants such as Sony and Ubisoft, which provides necessary credibility to a field where 66.3% of practitioners still identify public misconceptions of scams as a major hurdle. While the industry faces a 42.7% decline in new hiring due to market uncertainty, professional sentiment remains resilient, with over 82% of workers intending to remain in the sector long-term. Geographically, the industry is expanding its footprint into the Middle East and South America, while Asia and Latin America lead in the adoption of player-reward mechanics. Despite this global reach, the sector continues to struggle with demographic challenges, including a lack of gender diversity and a decline in younger talent entering the workforce. Operationally, the most significant barriers to mainstream adoption are onboarding complexities and poor user experience, though the severity of these concerns has decreased significantly since 2023. Companies currently identify lack of funding and high user acquisition costs as their most pressing internal obstacles. Looking toward 2025, the industry is moving toward "invisible" Web3 infrastructure to prioritize seamless gameplay over technical complexity. Emerging trends include the rise of fully onchain games, the integration of artificial intelligence for personalized experiences, and the use of social platforms like Telegram to simplify user acquisition. As environmental concerns continue to fade, the focus has shifted toward sustainable "play-and-earn" economies and the consolidation of fragmented infrastructure. This evolution suggests a transition toward a more integrated gaming ecosystem where blockchain serves as a foundational layer for digital property rights rather than a standalone marketing feature.
The metaverse represents a fundamental shift from a two-dimensional internet toward a persistent, three-dimensional social ecosystem driven by gamified virtual spaces. This evolution is currently led by "game as a platform" models, most notably Roblox, which leverages tens of millions of daily active users to host diverse commercial and social experiences. While major global brands in fashion, luxury, and finance are increasingly investing in "direct-to-avatar" economies and digital real estate to reach younger, digital-native demographics, the sector faces significant economic and technical hurdles. High developer take rates, consistent net losses among platform leaders, and networking limitations that prevent massive simultaneous user scaling remain primary obstacles to long-term growth. The integration of blockchain technology and non-fungible tokens (NFTs) has introduced new economic paradigms, such as the "Play-to-Earn" model. Although these games accounted for nearly half of all decentralized application wallet activity by late 2021, their growth is largely concentrated in emerging markets where users treat gaming as an income-generating activity. The sustainability of these ecosystems is currently challenged by high entry barriers and a prioritization of financial speculation over core gameplay quality. For the industry to mature, it must transition toward higher-quality experiences and more robust virtual economies that offer genuine utility beyond profile-picture status symbols. Mass adoption of these decentralized virtual worlds is currently constrained by technical and regulatory friction. Interoperability across different platforms remains a theoretical goal rather than a functional reality, while high transaction fees on networks like Ethereum and environmental concerns create additional barriers. Furthermore, the industry must navigate complex legal landscapes regarding digital privacy, content moderation, and the protection of intellectual property. Despite a cooling of initial market hype following a crypto correction in 2022, the long-term trajectory points toward a transmedia future where digital assets and virtual identities are central to global commerce and social interaction.
The metaverse represents a persistent, three-dimensional evolution of the internet, driven by a fundamental cultural shift toward virtual socialization among digital natives. As Gen Z and Gen Alpha increasingly prioritize digital identities, major global brands are pivoting toward direct-to-avatar strategies and virtual real estate to maintain relevance. This transition is characterized by the transformation of gaming platforms into multi-layered social ecosystems, where high-fidelity simulations and blockchain technology enable new forms of digital ownership and direct fan engagement across the fashion, music, and sports industries. While platforms like Roblox demonstrate massive scale with over 50 million daily active users, the broader ecosystem faces significant structural and technical hurdles. The current blockchain gaming landscape is heavily influenced by play-to-earn models and scholarship guilds, yet these models struggle with financial sustainability during market downturns and often fail to prioritize core gameplay enjoyment. Furthermore, the industry remains fragmented by high platform fees and a lack of interoperability between "walled garden" environments. Emerging web3 challengers aim to solve these issues through open protocols, but achieving mass concurrency and cross-platform standards remains a long-term technical challenge. The path toward a fully realized metaverse will be gradual and contingent upon mobile accessibility and modernized intellectual property laws. Significant risks regarding user safety, decentralized content moderation, and political fragmentation must be addressed to prevent the centralized abuse of power. Ultimately, the blurring of physical and digital identities will continue to reshape global commerce, provided that the industry can move beyond speculative assets toward functional, interoperable digital identities and secure, user-centric social environments.